Platinum(II) complexes containing ferrocene-derived phosphonate ligands; synthesis, structural characterisation and antitumour activity

Platinum ferrocenyl–phosphonate complexes, containing four-membered Pt---O---P(O)---O rings, have been synthesised by the reactions of cis-[PtCl₂(PPh₃)₂] with the ferrocene-derived phosphonic acids Fc(CH₂)nP(O)(OH)₂(n=0–2) [Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₄)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₅)] and 1,1′-Fc′[P(O)(OH)₂]₂ [Fc′=Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)₂] in the presence of Ag₂O. The complexes have been characterised by NMR spectroscopy, together with crystal structure determinations on [Fc(CH₂)nPO₃Pt(PPh₃)₂] (n=1, 2) and [1,1′-Fc′{PO₃Pt(PPh₃)₂}₂]. The complexes [Fc(CH₂)nPO₃Pt(PPh₃)₂] (n=1, 2) show moderate activity against P388 leukaemia cells, whereas the parent phosphonic acids are inactive

Ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphines (η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe[η⁵⁻C₅H₄P(CH₂OH)₂] and 1,1′-[Fe{η⁵-C₅H₄P(CH₂OH)₂}₂] and their chalcogenide derivatives

The ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphines FcP(CH₂OH)₂ [Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)] and 1,1′-Fc′[P(CH₂OH)₂]₂ [Fc′=Fe(η⁵⁻C₅H₄)₂] were prepared by reactions of the corresponding primary phosphines FcPH₂ and 1,1′-Fc′(PH₂)₂ with excess aqueous formaldehyde. The crystal structure of FcP(CH₂OH)₂ was determined and compared with the known ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphine FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂. The chalcogenide derivatives FcP(E)(CH₂OH)₂ and 1,1′-Fc′[P(E)(CH₂OH)₂]₂ (E=O, S, Se) were prepared and fully characterised. Crystal structure determinations on FcP(O)(CH₂OH)₂ and FcP(S)(CH₂OH)₂ were performed, and the hydrogen-bonding patterns are compared with related compounds. The sulfide shows no hydrogen-bonding involving the phosphine sulfide group, in contrast to other reported ferrocenyl hydroxymethylphosphine sulfides. The platinum complex cis-[PtCl₂{FcP(CH₂OH)₂}₂] was prepared by reaction of 2 mol equivalents of FcP(CH₂OH)₂ with [PtCl₂(1,5-cyclo-octadiene)], and was characterised by 31P-NMR spectroscopy and negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry, which gave a strong [M+Cl]⁻ ion

‘User-friendly’ primary phosphines and an arsine: synthesis and characterization of new air-stable ligands incorporating the ferrocenyl group

Reaction of FcCH₂CH₂P(O)(OH)₂ or FcCH₂P(O)(OH)(OEt) [Fc=Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)(η⁵-C₅H₅)] with excess CH₂N₂ followed by reduction with Me₃SiCl–LiAlH₄ gives the air-stable primary phosphines FcCH₂CH₂PH₂ and the previously reported analogue FcCH₂PH₂ in high yields. Reduction of 1,1′-Fc′[CH₂P(O)(OEt)₂] [Fc′=Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)₂] and 1,2-Fc″[CH₂P(O)(OEt)₂] [Fc″=Fe(η⁵-C₅H₅)(η⁵-C₅H₃)] similarly gives the new primary phosphines 1,1′-Fc′(CH₂PH₂)₂ and 1,2-Fc″(CH₂PH₂)₂, respectively. The arsine FcCH₂CH₂AsH₂, which is also air-stable, has been prepared by reduction of the arsonic acid FcCH₂CH₂As(O)(OH)₂ using Zn/HCl. An X-ray structure has been carried out on the arsine, which is only the second structure determination of a free primary arsine. The molybdenum carbonyl complex [1,2-Fc″(CH₂PH₂)₂Mo(CO)₄] was prepared by reaction of the phosphine with [Mo(CO)₄(pip)₂] (pip=piperidine), and characterized by a preliminary X-ray structure determination. However, the same reaction of 1,1′-Fc′(CH₂PH₂)₂with [Mo(CO)₄(pip)₂] gave [1,1′-Fc′(CH₂PH₂)₂Mo(CO)₄] and the dimer [1,1′-Fc′(CH₂PH₂)₂Mo(CO)₄]₂, characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry. 1,1′-Fc′[CH₂PH₂Mo(CO)₅]₂ and 1,2-Fc″[CH₂PH₂Mo(CO)₅]₂ were likewise prepared from the phosphines and excess [Mo(CO)₅(THF)]

New ferrocene-derived hydroxymethylphosphines: FcP(CH₂OH)₂ [Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)] and the dppf analogue 1,1′-Fc′[P(CH₂OH)₂]₂ [Fc′=Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)₂]

Reactions of the ferrocene-phosphines FcPH₂ and 1,1′-Fc′(PH₂)₂ with excess formaldehyde gives the new hydroxymethylphosphines FcP(CH₂OH)₂ 1 and 1,1′-Fc′[P(CH₂OH)₂]₂ 2, respectively. Phosphine 1 is an air-stable crystalline solid, whereas 2 is isolated as an oil. Reaction of 1 with H₂O₂, S₈ or Se gives the chalcogenide derivatives FcP(E)(CH₂OH)₂ (E=O, S or Se), whilst reaction of 2 with S8 gives 1,1′-Fc′[P(S)(CH₂OH)₂]₂, which were fully characterised. Phosphine 1 was also characterised by an X-ray crystal structure determination

Synthesis and characterisation of ferrocenyl-phosphonic and -arsonic

The ferrocene-derived acids FcCH₂CH₂E(O)(OH)₂ [4, E=P; 10, E=As; Fc=Fe(η₅-C₅H₅)(η⁵-C₅H₄)] have been synthesized by the reaction of FcCH₂CH₂Br with either P(OEt)₃ followed by hydrolysis, or with sodium arsenite followed by acidification. Reaction of FcCH₂OH with (EtO)₂P(O)Na gave FcP(O)(OEt)(OH), which was converted to FcCH₂P(O)(OH)₂ (3) by silyl ester hydrolysis using Me₃SiBr–Et₃N followed by aqueous work-up. Similarly, the known phosphonic acid FcP(O)(OH)₂and the new derivatives 1,1′-Fc′[P(O)(OH)₂]₂ [Fc′=Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)₂] and 1,1′-Fc′[CH₂P(O)(OH)₂]₂(7) have been synthesized via their corresponding esters. X-ray crystal structure determinations have been carried out on 3 and 7, and the hydrogen-bonding networks discussed. Electrospray mass spectrometry has been employed in the characterization of the various acids. Phosphonic acids give the expected [M–H]− ions and their fragmentation at elevated cone voltages has been found to be dependent on the acid. FcP(O)(OH)₂ fragments to [C₅H₄PO₂H]−, but in contrast Fc(CH₂)nP(O)(OH)₂ (n=1, 2) give Fe{η⁵-C₅H₄(CH₂)nP(O)O₂]− ions, which are proposed to have an intramolecular interaction between the Fe atom and the phosphonate group. In contrast, arsonic acid (10), together with PhAs(O)(OH)₂for comparison, undergo facile alkylation (in methanol or ethanol solvent), and at elevated cone voltages (e.g. >60 V) undergo carbon–arsenic bond cleavage giving [CpFeAs(O)(OR)O]− (R=H, Me, Et) and ultimately [AsO₂]− ions

2-Ferrocenyl-N-(2-ferrocenylbenzoyl)-N-(4-methyl-2-pyridyl)benzamide

The title compound, [Fe2(C5H5)2(C30H22N2O2)], a 2:1 product of the reaction of 2-ferrocenylbenzoic acid and 2-amino-4-methylpyridine, forms a twisted molecular structure in the solid state due to steric effects from the two benzene rings ortho-substituted with ferrocenyl and carbonyl-derived groups. A short intramolecular C-H...[pi] interaction is observed involving a substituted [eta]5-C5H4 ring and an ortho H atom of the benzene ring on the opposite side of the molecule. In the crystal structure, there are no classical hydrogen bonds: interactions comprise a short C6-H...[pi](C6) interaction involving substituted benzene rings and two C-H...O=C interactions per molecule

Methyl 2-[(ferrocenylcarbonyl)amino]thiophene-3-carboxylate

The title compound, [Fe(C₅H₅)(C₁₂H₁₀NO₃S)], was synthesized from ferrocenecarboxylic acid and methyl 2-aminothiophene-3-carboxylate in modest yield. The substituted ring system is essentially planar through the amidothienylcarboxylate moiety, η⁵-(C₅H₄)CONH(C₄H₂S)CO₂Me, with the amido unit at an angle of 3.60 (7)° to the five-atom thienyl group, which is oriented at an angle of 3.17 (7)° to the ester moiety. The primary hydrogen bond is an intramolecular N-H...O=Ccarboxylate interaction [N...O 2.727 (2) Å], and the main intermolecular hydrogen bond involves a thienyl carboxylate and the carboxylate of a symmetry-related molecule [C...O 3.443 (3) Å]

Performance and Competence of Learning Disabled and High-Achieving High School Students on Essential Cognitive Skills

This research was published by the KU Center for Research on Learning, formerly known as the University of Kansas Institute for Research in Learning Disabilities.This study was designed to measure performance differences of learning disabled and high-achieving high school students judged crucial to academic learning and to determine teacher performance standards on those same crucial learning skills, Results showed that high achievers performed significantly batter than LD students across the complex, and within every domain, of learning skills assessed. In addition, significantly greater proportions of LD students fall below teacher-derived standards of minimal competence in all skill areas assessed than do high-achieving students

Methyl 2-(4-ferrocenylbenzamido)thiophene-3-carboxylate and ethyl 2-(4-ferrocenylbenzamido)-1,3-thiazole-4-acetate, a unique ferrocen

The conformations and hydrogen bonding in the thiophene and thiazole title compounds, [Fe(C₅H₅)(C₂₀H₁₄NO₃S)], (I), and [Fe(C₅H₅)(C₁₉H₁₇N₂O₃S)], (II), are discussed. The sequence (C₅H₄)-(C₆H₄)-(CONH)-(C₄H₂S)-(CO₂Me) of rings and moieties in (I) is close to being planar; all consecutive interplanar angles are less than 10°. An intramolecular N-H...O=Cester hydrogen bond [graph set S(6), N...O = 2.768 (2) Å and N-H...O = 134 (2)°] effects the molecular planarity, and aggregation occurs via hydrogen-bonded chains formed from intermolecular Car-H...O=Cester/amide interactions along [010], with C...O distances ranging from 3.401 (3) to 3.577 (2) Å. The thiazole system in (II) crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit; these differ in the conformation along their long molecular axes; for example, the interplanar angle between the phenylene (C₆H₄) and thiazole (C₃NS) rings is 8.1 (2)° in one molecule and 27.66 (14)° in the other. Intermolecular N-H...O=Cester hydrogen bonds [N...O = 2.972 (4) and 2.971 (3) Å], each augmented by a Cphenylene-H...O=Cester interaction [3.184 (5) and 3.395 (4) Å], form motifs with graph set R¹₂(7) and generate chains along [100]. The amide C=O groups do not participate in hydrogen bonding. Compound (II) is the first reported ferrocenyl-containing thiazole structure

Synthesis and characterisation of novel ferrocenyl thienyl and thiazolyl systems

Ferrocenyl derivatives are currently under investigation by our group and several series containing both amidothienyl and amidothiazolyl systems have been synthesised and characterised. The incorporation of thienyl/thiazolyl groups into a ferrocenyl- or ferrocenylphenyl system greatly enhances the number of potential donor atoms for coordination with metal fragments e.g. PtII, PdII with a view to platinum anti-cancer studies and/or interaction with guest molecules through suitable hydrogen bonding interactions. In nature, thiazole has been found to be vital in certain natural products: examples include the antibiotic bacitracin and the siderophore yersiniabactin. In therapeutic studies the antitumour compound epothilone A and myxothiazole (inhibitor) have been extensively studied